Reviewing China’s Unequal Education System Based on Ecological System Theory

This review examines China’s educational system the “two-track system” and rural education challenges through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's Ecology System Theory. Using a theoretical framework to review related literature can support readers in understanding the intricate interplay between societal factors, cultural influences, policy decisions, and specific issues. Therefore, this aims to understand how the ecological environment shapes rural education’s development until today, and the Ecological System Theory is used as a theoretical guidance. To find the potential answer to proposed research questions (RQ): RQ 1. What is the background of rural China and the "two-track system" of education? RQ 2. What is the difference between China's urban education and rural education? RQ 3.  How does the related environment influence China's educational system? By addressing this fundamental issue, a comprehensive review is provided by following the ecology system theory from the macro-system level to the micro-syste

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wild raptors of Alabama and Georgia, USA

Wild birds inhabit in a wide variety of environments and can travel great distances. Thus, wild birds can possibly spread antimicrobial resistance along the way, and this may represent a potential public health concern. We characterized antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in wild raptors in the southeastern US. Cloacal samples were collected from 118 wild raptors of 17 species from 18 counties in Alabama and 15 counties in Georgia. A total of 112 E. coli and 76 E. faecalis isolates were recovered, and we found significantly more antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (20/112, 18%) than E. faecalis (6/76, 8%; P = 0.05). Five antimicrobial-resistant genes: blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1, tet(M), cmlA, cat, and gyrA, were identified in antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates. Five of 13 (38%) ampicillin-resistant E. coli harbored both bla-TEM-1 and blaCTX-M-1 genes, indicating they are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-carrying strains. Both of the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(M) and tet(L), were identified in E. faecalis isolates. Wild raptors seem to be a reservoir host of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and E. faecalis and may represent a hazard to animal and human health by transmission of these isolates

Adaptive Constraint Partition based Optimization Framework for Large-scale Integer Linear Programming(Student Abstract)

Integer programming problems (IPs) are challenging to be solved efficiently due to the NP-hardness, especially for large-scale IPs. To solve this type of IPs, Large neighborhood search (LNS) uses an initial feasible solution and iteratively improves it by searching a large neighborhood around the current solution. However, LNS easily steps into local optima and ignores the correlation between variables to be optimized, leading to compromised performance. This paper presents a general adaptive constraint partition-based optimization framework (ACP) for large-scale IPs that can efficiently use any existing optimization solver as a subroutine. Specifically, ACP first randomly partitions the constraints into blocks, where the number of blocks is adaptively adjusted to avoid local optima. Then, ACP uses a subroutine solver to optimize the decision variables in a randomly selected block of constraints to enhance the variable correlation. ACP is compared with LNS framework with different subroutine solvers on four IPs and a real-world IP. The experimental results demonstrate that in specified wall-clock time ACP shows better performance than SCIP and Gurobi.Comment: To be published in AAAI2023 Student Abstrac